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Vessel that was in the vicinty of and missed distress signals from RMS Titanic

SS Californian
Californian.jpg

SS Californian on the morning later on Titanic sank.
History
The British Red Ensign UK
Name SS Californian
Namesake State of California
Possessor Leyland Line
Port of registry Liverpool, UK
Route Atlantic Ocean crossings
Builder Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Dundee, Scotland
Price £105,000 (equivalent to about £11,700,000 in 2020)[1]
Yard number 159[1]
Launched 26 November 1901
Acquired thirty Jan 1902
Maiden voyage 31 January 1902
Identification
  • Official number: 115243
  • Code letters: TFLN
  • Radio call sign: MWL
Fate Sunk past German language U-boats, 9 November 1915, 61 miles (98 km) southwest of Cape Matapan, Greece.
General characteristics
Blazon Steamship
Tonnage 6,223 gross, four,038 net
Length 447 ft (136 k) LOA
Beam 53 ft (sixteen thousand)
Draught 30.5 ft
Decks 6 (3 on superstructure [flying bridge, promenade deck and shelter deck] and 3 beneath deck)
Propulsion
  • 1 × triple expansion steam engine
  • 2 × double-ended boilers
Speed
  • 13 knots (service speed.)
  • 12 knots (speed estimated in ocean trials.)
Boats & landing
arts and crafts carried		 six (4 lifeboats, 1 gig and 1 pinnace) with total chapters for 218 people.
Capacity 102 (passengers and crew)
Coiffure 55 officers and coiffure

SS Californian was a British Leyland Line steamship that is best known for its inaction during the sinking of the RMS Titanic despite being the closest ship in the surface area. Judging by available bear witness, the Californian was likely the only ship to run into the Titanic, or at least its rockets, during the sinking.[ii] [3] The United States Senate enquiry and British Wreck Commissioner'southward enquiry into the sinking both concluded that the Californian could have saved many or all of the lives that were lost, had a prompt response been mounted to the Titanic 's distress rockets.[4] The U.Southward. Senate inquiry was particularly critical of the vessel's captain, Stanley Lord, calling his inaction during the disaster "reprehensible".[five]

Despite this criticism, no formal charges were ever brought against Lord and his coiffure for their inaction. Lord disputed the findings and would spend the rest of his life trying to clear his name. In 1992, the UK Authorities's Marine Accident Investigation Branch re-examined the case and while condemning the inaction of the Californian and Helm Lord, likewise ended that due to the express time available, "the outcome of Californian taking proper action would have been no more than than to identify on her the task actually carried out by Carpathia, that is the rescue of those who escaped... [no] reasonably probable activeness by Captain Lord could have led to a different result of the tragedy".[vi] [7]

Californian was later sunk on nine November 1915, by the German submarines SMU-34 and U-35, in the Eastern Mediterranean during World War I.

History [edit]

Californian was a British steamship owned by the Leyland Line, function of J.P. Morgan's International Mercantile Marine Co. She was constructed by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Technology Company in Dundee, Scotland,[8] and was the largest ship built in Dundee upward to that fourth dimension.[9] [10] The send was built to the maximum dimensions that were allowed to moor and outfit her in the Dundee Docks. The ship's size and importance to the local shipbuilding industry meant that at that place was a lot of local involvement in her construction as it progressed. In that location were as well some problems – when both of the send's boilers were being transported through the streets from a foundry to the shipyard the weight of them (carried on a wheeled bogie) caused considerable harm to the city's roads, every bit well every bit breaking a number of hush-hush h2o pipes. Later when a crane was being used to rig a spar on one of the Californian 's 4 masts, the spar became tangled in nearby phone wires and severed them.[11]

She was designed primarily to send cotton, just as well had the capacity to deport 47 passengers and 55 crew members. The primary clientele was those passengers with likewise limited the means to travel on lath large liners. By offer them comfy cabins at an affordable prices (£ten per crossing in the direction Liverpool — Boston, £50 in the opposite direction), Leyland Line was able to secure some profits this way.[12] [13] Nonetheless, the ship was still primarily a freighter, as evidenced past her massive bunkers. She was named Californian according to a tradition specific to the company which gave its ships the name of i of the 46 states of the United States at the time.[14] She measured 6,223 tons, was 447 feet (136 m) long, 53 feet (16 m) at her axle,[10] and had a triple expansion steam engine powered by two double-ended boilers. Her boilerplate full speed was 12 knots (22 km/h).[xv]

The accommodation of nearly of the fifty or and then coiffure members was located below the foredeck. They stayed in that location in cabins designed for four to viii people that were quite uncomfortable, poorly ventilated and lighted.[16] In all, the crew included the captain, four officers, a radio operator, and 49 crew members (sailors, drivers, trimmers, etc.).[17] The cabins were located in the superstructure. The officers of the crew resided on the starboard side and the passengers on the port side. The facilities for passengers corresponded to the 2d class of most ships of the time. Although the cabins were not of loftier quality, they remained comfortable and had electric lighting, which was not the case on all contemporary ships. The passengers of the Californian also had at their disposal a smoking room on the upper starboard deck, busy with oak panels and linoleum, a novelty at the turn of the century. The dining room was also decorated and comfortable.[13]

Californian was launched on 26 November 1901 and completed her sea trials on 23 January 1902. From 31 Jan 1902 to 3 March 1902, she made her maiden voyage from Dundee to New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Subsequently, she made transatlantic crossings, generally carrying around thirty passengers in addition to her cargo. In 1902, she was chartered past the Dominion Line for five crossings to Portland, Oregon.[18] She then returned to the Leyland Line service to serve the southern United States.[17] From 1901 to 1911, she was commanded successively past iv captains before being finally put under the command of Stanley Lord. By his young age (he obtained his captain's document at 24, a very early age compared to many of his colleagues) and by his spirit of initiative and his skills, Lord indeed promised to get a major captain in the British merchant fleet.[19]

Between late 1911 and early on 1912, Californian had a Marconi wireless appliance installed in a refitted cabin. Her commencement radio operator was Cyril Furmstone Evans.

Sinking of Titanic [edit]

On March 30, 1912, the Californian fabricated a stopover in London on a trip to New Orleans during which she had to face a storm which damaged part of her cotton cargo. Stanley Lord, who had commanded Californian since 27 March 1911, was her captain when she left the Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool, England on 5 April 1912 on her way to Boston, Massachusetts.[20] She was not carrying any passengers on this voyage.[12] On the navigation bridge, Lord was accompanied past three officers and an apprentice: George Stewart (2d in command or main officer), Herbert Stone (second officeholder), Charles Groves (third officer) and apprentice James Gibson.[21]

The first week of the crossing was uneventful.[22] On Lord's day 14 April at 18:thirty ship'southward fourth dimension, Californian 's only wireless operator, Cyril Furmstone Evans (born 1892 in Croydon, Surrey, United Kingdom), signalled to the Antillian that three large icebergs were five miles to the south.[23] Titanic 'due south wireless operator Harold Bride also received the warning and delivered it to the ship'south bridge a few minutes after.[24]

Californian encountered a big ice field at 22:twenty ship's fourth dimension,[4] and Captain Lord decided to end the ship and wait until morning before proceeding farther.[25] Before leaving the bridge, he idea he saw a ship'southward light away to the eastward but could not exist sure it was not merely a ascent star.[26] Lord connected to the engineers' cabins and met with the principal, whom he told about his plans for stopping. Every bit they were talking, they saw a ship'south lights budgeted. Lord asked Evans if he knew of whatever ships in the area, and Evans responded: "only the Titanic." Lord asked Evans to inform her that Californian was stopped and surrounded by ice.[27] Lord ordered Evans to warn all other ships in the area, which he did.[28]

Titanic 's on-duty wireless operator, Jack Phillips, was busy immigration a excess of passengers' letters with the wireless station at Cape Race, Newfoundland, 800 miles (ane,300 km) away, at the time. Evans's message that SS Californian was stopped and surrounded by water ice, due to the relative proximity of the ii ships, drowned out a dissever message Phillips had been in the process of receiving from Cape Race, and he rebuked Evans: "Shut upward, shut up! I am busy; I am working Cape Race!".[29] [30] Philips never passed this bulletin to the bridge, but in his defence, Evans had not prefixed the message with the messages, "MSG", which stood for Master Service Gram, equally was customary for all messages intended for the bridge. Evans, feeling that he had washed what was asked of him despite Philips's rude apparent rejection of the message, and so switched off his wireless equipment and went to bed.[31] [32] Ane hour and 10 minutes later, Titanic hit an iceberg.[33] One hour and twenty-five minutes after that, she transmitted her first distress call.

Third Officer Charles Groves of the Californian testified to the British inquiry that at 23:10 ship'due south fourth dimension, he had seen the lights of some other ship come up into view 10 or 12 miles away, 3.5 points above Californian 'due south starboard beam. At about 23:thirty, Groves went beneath to inform Lord.[34] The latter suggested that the ship be contacted by Morse lamp, which was tried, but no respond was seen.[35] To Groves, she was clearly a large liner, equally she had multiple decks brightly lit. The send finally seemed to stop and extinguish her deck lights at 23:40, the aforementioned time Titanic stopped her engines. At the British enquiry, Groves agreed that if the ship he saw had turned ii points to port, it would have concealed her deck lights.[34]

Slightly after midnight, 2d Officeholder Herbert Rock took watch from Groves. He testified that he, too, observed the ship, judging it to exist about five miles away. He tried signalling her with the Morse lamp, also without success.[36] Amateur officer James Gibson, who had been doing the Morse signalling, testified that at 00:55, Stone told him he had observed five rockets in the heaven to a higher place the nearby ship.[37] Stone testified that he had informed Captain Lord, although the British inquiry did non ask whether or not he communicated the number. Lord asked if the rockets had been a company signal, but Stone did not know. Lord and Rock both testified that Stone reported they were not distress signals.[26] [36] Lord ordered Stone to tell him if annihilation virtually the ship inverse, to keep signalling it with the Morse lamp, but did not order that it be contacted past wireless.[38] [39]

Gibson testified that Rock had expressed unease to him about the situation: "A ship is not going to fire rockets at sea for nil", Rock said. "She looks very queer out of the water—her lights look queer."[37] Gibson observed, "She looks rather to have a big side out of the water", and he agreed that "everything was non all right with her"; that it was "a case of some kind of distress".[40] Stone, nonetheless, nether questioning by the British inquiry which became more and more incredulous, testified repeatedly that he did not remember at the time that the rockets could have been distress signals,[41] and that the possibility did not occur to him until he learned the Titanic had sunk.

By 02:00, the ship appeared to be leaving the surface area. A few minutes later, Gibson informed Captain Lord as such and that 8 white rockets had been seen. Lord asked whether he was sure of the colour. Gibson said yeah and left.[26] [37]

At 02:twenty, Titanic sank. At 03:40, Stone and Gibson, still sharing the eye picket, spotted rockets to the south.[37] They did not meet the ship that was firing them, only at about this same fourth dimension RMS Carpathia was coming rapidly from the southeast, firing rockets to let Titanic know that help was on the way.[42] At 04:16, Chief Officer George F. Stewart relieved Stone, and almost immediately noticed, coming into view from the south, a brilliantly-lit, four-masted steamship with one funnel;[43] Carpathia arrived on the scene shortly after 04:00.[44]

Captain Lord woke upwardly at 04:30 and went out on deck to make up one's mind how to go on past the ice to the due west. He sent Stewart to wake Evans and find out what happened to the ship they had seen to the due south. They later on learned from the Frankfurt that the Titanic had sunk overnight.[45] [46] Lord ordered the ship underway. Californian 's form took her west, slowly passing through the ice field, after which she turned south. Californian was sighted at 06:00 by SSMount Temple steaming from the n. Californian really passed the Carpathia to the east, and then turned, and headed northeast back towards the rescue ship, arriving at 08:30.[47]

Carpathia was just finishing picking up the last of Titanic 's survivors. After communicating with Californian, Carpathia left the area, leaving Californian to search for any other survivors. Nonetheless, Californian just found scattered wreckage, empty lifeboats and corpses,[48] [47] and continued on its route to America. Upon arrival, several key crew members, including Lord and Evans, were summoned to give bear witness at the American enquiry. Evans also gave evidence at the British inquiry into the tragedy. Similar others involved in the disaster, he was offered a lot of money from newspapers for his story, merely he refused it.[49]

Backwash [edit]

As public noesis grew of the Titanic disaster, questions soon arose most how the disaster occurred, as well as if and how it could have been prevented.

A The states Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic started on 19 April 1912, the day Californian arrived unnoticed in Boston. Initially, the earth was unaware of her and her function in the Titanic disaster. On 22 Apr, the inquiry discovered that a transport near Titanic had failed to reply to the distress signals. The identity of the ship was unknown.[50]

The next day, a small-scale newspaper in New England, The Clinton Daily Detail, printed a shocking story claiming that Californian had refused aid to Titanic.[51] The source for the story was Californian 's carpenter, James McGregor, who stated that he had been shut enough to see Titanic 's lights and distress rockets. On the same twenty-four hours, the Boston American printed a story sourced past Californian 's banana engineer, Ernest Gill, which essentially told the same story as the Daily Particular.

Helm Lord also spoke with several Boston expanse newspapers only gave conflicting accounts. In a Boston Traveller commodity dated 19 April, Lord claimed that his ship was xxx miles from Titanic,[52] merely in a Boston Post commodity dated 24 April, he claimed 20 miles.[53] Lord told the Boston Globe that his send had spent three hours steaming around the wreck site trying to render assist,[52] but Third Officer Grove later stated that the search ended after two hours, at x:40.[54] When reporters asked Lord near his verbal position the night of the disaster, he refused to respond, calling such information "state secrets".[55]

Afterwards the newspaper revelations on 23 April, the U.Due south. Senate inquiry issued subpoenas for multiple members of the coiffure, including Gill and Lord. During his testimony, Gill repeated his claims.[56] Lord'south testimony was conflicting and irresolute. For instance, he detailed three totally dissimilar ice conditions. He admitted knowing about the rockets (after telling Boston newspapers that his ship had not seen whatever rockets) just insisted that they were not distress rockets,[57] and they were not fired from Titanic but a small steamship, the so-chosen "third ship" of the night.[58] Yet the testimony of Helm J. Knapp, U.S. Navy, and a function of the Navy Hydrographer's Office, made clear that Titanic and Californian were in sight of each other, and no third vessel had been in the expanse.[59]

The so-called "scrap log" of Californian also came nether question. This is a log wherein all daily pertinent information is entered before being canonical by the helm and entered into the official log. Visitor policy of International Mercantile Marine Co., the parent of both Leyland Line and the White Star Line, required scrap logs to exist destroyed daily.[60] The official log mentioned neither a nearby transport nor rockets. At the British inquiry, Rock was not asked to recall the notations he had really written in the scrap log, during his bridge-lookout man betwixt midnight and 4:00 on 15 April.[61]

On two May, the British Court of Formal Investigation began. Again, Lord gave alien, changing, and evasive testimony. By way of contrast, Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia, at each enquiry, gave consequent and forthright testimony. During the British Enquiry, Rostron was asked to confirm an affidavit he had made to the United States Inquiry. Among the other things in his affirmation, he confirmed that "Information technology was daylight at about 4.20 a.k. At v o'clock it was light enough to see all around the horizon. We and then saw two steamships to the northwards, maybe 7 or 8 miles distant. Neither of them was Californian."[62]

During the research, the coiffure of Californian, like Captain Lord, gave conflicting testimonies. Most notably, Lord said he was not told that the nearby send had disappeared, contradicting testimony from James Gibson who said he reported it, and Lord had acknowledged him.[37]

Also during the inquiries, Titanic survivors recalled seeing the lights of another send subsequently Titanic had striking the iceberg. To Titanic 'due south Fourth Officeholder Boxhall, the other ship appeared to be off Titanic 's bow, 5 miles (8 km) away and heading in her direction. Just like Californian 's officers, Boxhall attempted signaling the send with a Morse lamp, but received no response.[63] However, Titanic sentry Frederick Fleet, who was in the crow'due south nest when the iceberg was sighted and remained there for another forty minutes, testified at the US research that he did not encounter the lights of another send while in the crow'south nest. He only saw a light afterwards afterward leaving the ship on a lifeboat.[64]

Titanic 'south Captain Edward Smith had felt the ship was close enough that he ordered the start lifeboats launched on the port side to row over to the ship, drop off the passengers, and come up back to Titanic for more than. Moreover, lifeboat occupants reported the other ship's lights were seen from the lifeboats throughout the night; one lifeboat rowed towards them but never seemed to get any closer.[65] [ page needed ]

Both the American and British inquires found that Californian must accept been closer than the nineteen.five miles (31.four km) claimed past Captain Lord, and that each transport was visible from the other. Indeed, when Carpathia arrived at the wreck site, a vessel was clearly seen to the n; this was later identified as Californian.[66] Both inquiries concluded that Captain Lord had failed to provide proper assistance to Titanic, the British Inquiry final further Californian 'southward responding to Titanic 'due south rockets and going to assist "… might take saved many if not all of the lives that were lost".[4]

In the months and years following the disaster, numerous preventive safety measures were enacted. The United States passed the Radio Act of 1912, which required 24-hour radio watch on all ships in case of an emergency. The kickoff International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea formed a treaty that too required 24-hour radio monitoring and standardized the use of distress rockets.

Despite the criticisms of Lord's behave, no formal charges were ever brought confronting him. Every bit a event, he had no right of appeal against the inquiry'due south findings.[67] The issue was not considered again until the publication of Walter Lord'due south (unrelated to Captain Lord) book A Nighttime to Recollect in 1955 and the release of the 1958 film of the same proper noun prompted Lord to seek a re-hearing of the Research relating to his ship, to counter the allegations made in the volume and his portrayal in the film. Petitions presented to the UK Government in 1965 and 1968 by the Mercantile Marine Service Association (MMSA), a union to which Helm Lord belonged, failed to become the matter re-examined.[68] However, when the wreck of the Titanic was discovered by Ballard's expedition in 1985, it was found to be 13 miles from its reported position (the location accustomed by both inquiries), so the Board of Trade ordered a re-examination.[69]

The British Government's Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) concluded its reappraisal of evidence in 1992. The conclusions were those of Deputy Chief Inspector, James de Coverly, stating: "What is significant, notwithstanding, is that no send was seen by the Titanic until well after the collision… watch was maintained with officers on the bridge and seamen in the crow's nest, and with their ship in grave danger the lookout for another vessel which could come to their assistance must take been well-nigh anxious and not bad. Information technology is in my view inconceivable that the Californian or any other ship was within the visible horizon of the Titanic during that menstruum; it equally follows that the Titanic can't have been within the Californian's horizon." The report went on: "More than probably, in my view, the ship seen by Californian was another, unidentified, vessel."[70]

The original investigator of the 1992 reappraisal was a Captain Barnett, who dissimilar de Coverly, concluded "that the Titanic was seen past the Californian and indeed kept under ascertainment from 23:00 or soon after on 14 April until she sank... [based on] the evidence from Helm Lord and the two sentry officers, Mr. Grove and Mr. Stone".[70] It was after Barnett'southward original study was submitted that Captain de Coverly was given the task of further examination. Both Barnett and de Coverly had ended that Titanic 's rockets had been seen and that Rock and Lord had not responded appropriately to signals of distress.

The 1992 MAIB report concluded that Captain Lord and his crew'due south deportment "cruel far curt of what was needed".[71] The study did concede that even if "proper activeness had been taken", Californian could not have arrived on the scene until "well later on the sinking".[67] It too noted that when he did know of Titanic 's distress, Lord twice took his transport across an ice field to help search for survivors.[72] Helm Lord'south chief defender, matrimony chaser, Leslie Harrison, who had led the fight to have the Californian incident re-examined past the British authorities, chosen the dual conclusions of the report "an admission of failure to achieve the purpose of the reappraisal".[73]

The 1992 report by the MAIB was published just months afterward their publication of another controversial report, on the subject of the Marchioness disaster of 1989.[74] This study had led to questions over the evidence-gathering, bear and judgements of the MAIB.[74]

Writer Paul Lee accused Captain Lord of an "inability or unwillingness to conform to an entirely new situation".[51] Although Lord had stopped his ship upon encountering ice, the British research concluded that if Californian had acted upon the rockets and pushed through the ice, the Californian "might accept saved many, if not all, of the lives that were lost".[4] The U.S Senate research was as well critical of Lord's inaction, the final report stating that "such carry, whether arising from indifference or gross carelessness, is most reprehensible, and places upon the commander the Californian a grave responsibility".[5]

Senator William Alden Smith, in a speech to the U.S. Senate inquiry, said: "the failure of Capt. Lord to arouse the wireless operator on his ship, who could have easily ascertained the name of the vessel in distress and reached her in time to avert loss of life, places a tremendous responsibility upon this officer from which it volition be very hard for him to escape".[75] Author Daniel Allen Butler wrote: "The crime of Stanley Lord was not that he may have ignored the Titanic's rockets, but that he unquestionably ignored someone'southward cry for help."[76]

Others have suggested that, considering all the circumstances, there was actually piffling if annihilation the Californian could have washed to prevent or reduce the loss of life. Allegations take been made that trade unions defending Captain Lord succeeded in influencing the reports from the official investigations before they were bachelor to the public.[77] Williams and Kamps wrote in Titanic and the Californian: "Bearing [the] distance in listen, and recalling that a mere fifty-five minutes had elapsed from the fourth dimension Captain Lord was commencement informed about the rockets to the moment the Titanic slipped below the waves, it would have been cypher short of a miracle for Lord to bring his send to the Titanic and outcome a rescue in such a brusque space of time."[78]

Titanic historian Tim Maltin theorized[ clarification needed ] that the Californian'south inaction was the consequence of a cold h2o mirage, or superior mirage, arising from differences in air temperature over the warmer waters of the Atlantic Sea and the colder waters of the Labrador Current. Maltin suggested that this would cause a superior refraction, superimposing and stretching and distorting the border of the sea and lifting images of objects, distorting their advent. This would explain why the Titanic'due south morse lamp was believed to be a flickering oil lamp on the mast of a much smaller ship, and why Capt. Lord thought the Titanic was a different vessel. If correct, Maltin'due south theory may farther explain why the Titanic's lookouts did non spot the iceberg earlier.[79]

Cyril Evans connected his service with the Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company and its successor companies (Eastern Telegraph Company and Cable & Wireless: the afterwards part of his career was spent as managing director for Cable and Wireless on the Westward Indian isle of St Lucia) for the balance of his life[ citation needed ].. He also served at body of water in Globe War I and Globe War Ii, running mobile telecommunications for the British Ground forces in North Africa and then Italy. He married and raised a family[ citation needed ].. In the film A Night to Remember, Evans was portrayed past Geoffrey Bayldon[ citation needed ].

World War I [edit]

Site of sinking (diamond), off Cape Matapan (ruddy dot)

On ii July 1913, Californian was docked in Veracruz when a fire erupted in her nos. 3 and 4 holds, sustaining serious damage to herself and her cargo.[80] [81] [ unreliable source? ]

Californian continued in normal commercial service until World War I, when the British authorities took control of her. She was responsible for transporting equipments and troops for the Allies mired in the Battle of Gallipoli.[82]

On nine November 1915, while en road from Salonica to Marseilles, she was torpedoed by the German U-boat SMU-34. While she was under tow by a French patrol gunkhole, she was torpedoed once more, and, effectually 7:45 am,[83] she sank in ten–13,000 anxiety of h2o, approximately threescore miles (50 nmi; 100 km) s-southwest of Cape Matapan, Greece by SMU-35, killing one person (fire fighter Richard John Harding)[84] and injuring ii others.[eighty] To appointment, Californian 's wreck remains undiscovered.[85] Californian went down less than 200 miles (170 nmi; 320 km) from where HMHSBritannic, Titanic 'southward sister ship, would be sunk by a mine simply over a year after.[86]

In popular culture [edit]

The involvement of the Californian in the sinking of the Titanic is examined in the 2012 BBC TV drama SOS – The Titanic Inquiry. The drama tells the story of the original British Inquiry into the sinking of Titanic and whether the Californian was in near enough proximity to the vessel to rescue some, if non all, of the ane,500 lives lost.[87]

The 2016 novel The Midnight Watch past David Dyer explores the Titanic tragedy from the perspective of the crew of the Californian. The narrative centres effectually a fictional American reporter who tries to uncover what actually happened on board the Californian that fateful dark.[88]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Caledon Built – Dundee Ships", Friends of Dundee City Archives
  2. ^ "Abandoning the Titanic ~ About the Picture | Secrets of the Dead | PBS". PBS. 6 Oct 2020.
  3. ^ Ringle, Ken (xxx June 1991). "THE SHIP THAT PASSED IN THE NIGHT". Retrieved 24 October 2020.
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  6. ^ Clarke, Jim (xi Apr 2012). "Titanic disaster: How history has judged Bolton's sea captains". BBC News . Retrieved 29 June 2020.
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  13. ^ a b Daniel Allen Butler 2009, p. 43 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFDaniel_Allen_Butler2009 (help)
  14. ^ Daniel Allen Butler 2009, p. 46 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaniel_Allen_Butler2009 (help)
  15. ^ Mark Chirnside 2004, p. 309 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFMark_Chirnside2004 (help)
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  17. ^ a b Daniel Allen Butler 2009, p. 44 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaniel_Allen_Butler2009 (help)
  18. ^ The Great Ocean Liners
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  20. ^ Daniel Allen Butler 2009, p. l harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaniel_Allen_Butler2009 (assistance)
  21. ^ Daniel Allen Butler 2009, p. 51 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaniel_Allen_Butler2009 (help)
  22. ^ Daniel Allen Butler 2009, p. 52 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaniel_Allen_Butler2009 (aid)
  23. ^ "Testimony of Cyril F. Evans". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 28 April 2016. [the water ice warning] is dated six.xxx p. 1000. "A.T.Due south." which means apparent time ship … The sent date was v.35 p.m., New York time.
  24. ^ "Testimony of Harold Due south. Bride, recalled". Titanic Inquiry Projection. Retrieved 29 April 2016. (The Attorney General.): Could you tell u.s. how long it was later on you got the message that yous delivered it on the bridge? Helpmate: About 2 minutes.
  25. ^ Gérard Piouffre 2009, p. 22 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFGérard_Piouffre2009 (assist)
  26. ^ a b c "Testimony of Stanley Lord, cont". Titanic Enquiry Projection. Retrieved 29 Apr 2016. When I came off the bridge, at half-by 10, I pointed out to the officer that I thought I saw a light coming along, and it was a nearly peculiar light, and we had been making mistakes all forth with the stars, thinking they were signals … He said he thought it was a star, and I did not say anything more.
  27. ^ "Testimony of Stanley Lord". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 29 April 2016. I said, "Let the 'Titanic' know that we are stopped, surrounded by ice."
  28. ^ A Night to Remember p.24
  29. ^ "Acquitting the Iceberg". Encyclopedia Titanica. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 27 Apr 2016. Phillips was tired and on edge and Cyril Evans' call outburst in on him similar a thunderclap; so loud, nosotros are bodacious, it hurt his ears.
  30. ^ Gérard Piouffre 2009, p. 23 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGérard_Piouffre2009 (help)
  31. ^ "Testimony of Cyril F. Evans". Titanic Inquiry Projection. Retrieved 5 May 2016. At 11.25 I still had the phones on my ears and heard him still working Cape Race, near two or 3 minutes earlier the half-hr transport's fourth dimension, that was, and at 11.35 I put the phones down and took off my clothes and turned in.
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  33. ^ Marking Chirnside 2004, p. 155 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFMark_Chirnside2004 (assist)
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  35. ^ "Testimony of Stanley Lord, cont". Titanic Inquiry Projection. Retrieved 27 April 2016. We signaled her, at half-past xi, with the Morse lamp. She did not have the slightest observe of it.
  36. ^ a b "Testimony of Herbert Rock". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  37. ^ a b c d e "Testimony of James Gibson". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  55. ^ Hamer, John (2013). RMS Olympic. Rossendale Books. p. 253. ISBN978-i-291-63862-2.
  56. ^ "Testimony of Ernest Gill". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 27 Apr 2016.
  57. ^ "Testimony of Stanley Lord, cont". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 27 Apr 2016. Senator SMITH: Captain, did you run into any distress signals on Sunday night, either rockets or the Morse signals? Mr. LORD: No sir; I did not. The officer on sentinel saw some signals, but he said they were not distress signals.
  58. ^ "Testimony of Stanley Lord, cont". Titanic Inquiry Project. Retrieved 27 April 2016. I said, 'This is not the Titanic; there is no uncertainty about it.'
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Bibliography [edit]

  • "Caledon Built – Dundee Ships" (PDF). Friends of Dundee City Archives. Friends of Dundee. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  • Butler, Daniel Allen (2009). The Other Side of the Dark: The Carpathia, the Californian and the Night the Titanic Was Lost. Casemate Publishers. ISBN978-i-935149-02-6.
  • Chirnside, Mark (2004). The Olympic-class ships: Olympic, Titanic, Britannic. Tempus. ISBN0-7524-2868-3.
  • Codet, François; Mendez, Olivier; Dufief, Alain; Gavard-Perret, Franck (2011). Les Français du Titanic (in French). Rennes: Marine Editions. ISBN978-ii-35743-065-5.
  • Lee, Paul (2008). The Titanic and the Indifferent Stranger. Paul Lee. p. xviii. ISBN978-0-9563015-0-5.
  • Lord, Walter (1955). A Night to Remember (2005 ed.). New York, New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN978-0-8050-7764-3.
  • MAIB. Titanic: Reappraisal of Evidence (PDF).
  • Tennent, A.J. (2006). British Merchant Ships Sunk by U-boats in World War One. Cornwall, U.K.: Periscope Publishing. ISBN978-1-904381-36-5.
  • Piouffre, Gérard (2009). Le Titanic ne répond plus (in French). Paris: Larousse. ISBN978-ii-03-584196-iv.
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2008). Toute l'histoire du Titanic. Sélection du Reader'south Digest. ISBN978-2-7098-1982-four.

Further reading [edit]

  • Butler, Daniel Allen. The Other Side of the Night. Casemate, 2009.
  • Lee, Paul. The Indifferent Stranger, electronic book, 2008.
  • Eaton, John P. and Haas, Charles A. Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy (second ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995.
  • Halpern, Samuel. Strangers on the Horizon: Titanic and Californian – A Forensic Arroyo, 2019.
  • Lord, Walter. The Night Lives On. Morrow and Company, 1986.
  • Lynch, Donald and Marschall, Ken. Titanic: An Illustrated History. Hyperion, 1995.
  • Molony, Senan. Titanic and the Mystery Ship. Tempus Publishing, 2006.
  • Padfield, Peter. The Titanic and the Californian. The John Day Company, 1965.
  • Reade, Leslie. The Ship That Stood Notwithstanding: The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster. W. West. Norton & Co Inc, 1993.
  • Dyer, David (2016), The Midnight Watch, Atlantic Books, 2016

External links [edit]

  • Californian Crew List with Biographies
  • Captain Stanley Lord
  • SS Californian
  • SS Californian on Facebook
  • A PV Solves a Puzzle by Senan Molony
  • The Californian Incident, A Reality Check
  • The Titanic and the Californian

Coordinates: 35°32′30″N 22°06′06″East  /  35.54167°N 22.10167°E  / 35.54167; 22.10167

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Californian

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